Introduction:
Previous research has primarily focused on the concept of home advantage, examining the points or wins obtained during home matches.

Aim of the study:
The aim of this study was to analyze the various match outcomes (win, draw, loss) based on the match location (home vs away).

Material and methods:
The data were collected from 10,785 matches that spanned six seasons of the top five European leagues (the first divisions of England, Spain, Italy, Germany, and France). The data were converted into percentages of wins, draws, and losses according to match location. Independent mean differences, with 95% confidence intervals (CI), were used to analyze the differences across all competitions and within each individual league.

Results:
The results revealed that teams won 38.17% of home matches, drew 25.67%, and lost 36.16% of home matches. Conversely, they won 26.64% of away matches, drew 25.36%, and lost 48.00% of away matches. No differences were found regarding draws between home and away matches. Nevertheless, there were differences in wins (11.53 [7.94, 15.12]) and losses (–11.84 [–15.22, –8.45]) with moderate effect sizes. The Italian and Spanish first divisions presented the smallest and largest differences, respectively, between home and away match outcomes.

Conclusions:
This study indicates that home advantage in the top five European leagues is primarily due to the reduction of defeats during home matches. Furthermore, an analysis of all three match outcomes (win, draw, loss) provides a more comprehensive understanding of the home advantage phenomenon.